The Coming Of The Kingdom Guides - 801 Words

Ridderbos’ The Coming of the Kingdom guides us through the lens of the Scripture alone that we must grasp God’s kingdom to have a Theocentric view that The Kingdom is truly God’s and not man centered. The kingdom is not a condition of society to produce a social Gospel. Too often it is forgotten that God’s kingdom is truly about God. When we ask ourselves or others what God’s kingdom will be like, common thoughts are, what it will be like for myself? How will I experience Heaven? Additionally, we can discern a sense of an individual’s attitude towards Heaven by the way of their approach to worship. Is worship primarily for God or is it mostly a personal experience? Hopefully, we will lead the worship of God and a mindset that we corporately serve Him. The real focus is not for ourselves from our own perspective, but an attempt to comprehend what we can from God’s view in Scripture in the hope of doing what is pleasing to Him. Hav ing said that, our experience shall be peace, happiness beyond compare and a blessedness being with God. Ridderbos instructs us of how God is being revealed, an example is in Isaiah 40-55 and particularly Is. 40:9. In verse 9, vividly striking is the thought of exclamation, Behold your God or Here is your God. Perhaps this is accurately captured by the thought of going to a mountain with a mighty shout to tell the towns of Judah here is your God! It is the same call we make evangelistically today. The kingdom of Heaven is the kingdom of God,Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Business In The United Kingdom1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe United Kingdom has seen major changes in the last years that a prospective business must look at when deciding on whether to start a business in the United Kingdom. Major changes are that they have left the European Union and that they are one of the fastest growing economies in the world (World Factbook, n.d.). 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Many have used their views on this subject to guide their direction and gage their time in life; and in some cases,Read MoreThe Old Testament And New Testament1704 Words   |  7 Pagessin. Thus, we wouldn’t understand the magnitude of Jesus coming and dying for us to restore all that was lost. We can now see that the Old Testament is imperative to understanding why God sent His son to die for us to be restored. I would also like to point out how the Old Testament gave the people of the time clues as to who the Messiah would be. Without the prophetic voices of the day, how would the Jews know how to identify the coming savior? If left to their understandings the people of theRead MoreInterview At My Mother, Cindy Brown Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesOkinawa is located at the southwest tip of Japan. â€Å"Okinawa means â€Å"rope in the open sea† (Wikitravel). Okinawa’s culture is of the Ryukyu Kingdom. 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Paul understood the suffering of persecution that was going on be causeRead MoreExecutive Director1448 Words   |  6 Pagesshow the people the truth regarding their guilt and God’s justice and judgment. This implies that the Holy Spirit’s work is to lead people into consciousness of their sinful stature, awareness of the righteousness standards required by God and the coming of God’s judgment. In my daily business and personal life, the Holy Spirit convicts me hence creating awareness of the ethics that God deserves. This acts as a mark that enables me as a Christian to start living a worthy lifestyle free of any malpracticesRead MoreEssay About Peace843 Words   |  4 Pagesthe light guides. General Tyson: Well your mission here will certainly help you accomplish your personal goals. But as for the bigger picture†¦ I’ve requested you here to be named ambassadors to the nations of the west. We know that there are five realms of mighty warriors, and kings displeased with the Dark Emperor. However, no single kingdom is willing to challenge his power. Your job will be to convince them that this cause is worthy, and that with the combined forces of the five kingdoms, the empire

The Fundamental Belief Of God - 1330 Words

The fundamental belief of Christianity is that God is the Creator of all things, yet He is intimately involved with every aspect of our lives (Ps. 139:1-5). Many Christians believe that God loves them and cares about their future, yet they do not act like it. They do not acknowledge Him in their actions. However, if a person truly believes that God is active in their daily life, they should study the scriptures to understand the depth of His love for mankind, and accumulate an accurate knowledge, integration, and implementation of these passages. The Bible provides a wealth of passages that help a person to develop a well-founded knowledge of who God is. Psalm 139 provides evidence of God’s unwavering love for us and His desire to be intimately involved in our lives (Ps. 139:1-5). This passage demonstrates the Lord’s infinite knowledge of who man is and how He understands each person better than anyone else. He is able to fully understand every man’s thought befo re he even thinks it, which means that God understands men better than they understands themselves^1. The fundamental belief of Christianity is that God is the Creator of all things, yet He is intimately involved with every aspect of our lives (Ps. 139:1-5). Many Christians believe that God loves them and cares about their future, yet they do not act like it. They do not acknowledge Him in their actions. However, if a person truly believes that God is active in their daily life, they should study the scriptures toShow MoreRelatedIslam vs. Christianity Essay608 Words   |  3 Pagesas rituals, beliefs, ethics, founders, and sacred objects, the two show strong mutual similarities, particularly in the fundamental areas, while being totally different. In this essay I will compare and contrast many of the facets that make up the worlds largest and most recognized religions, Christianity and Islam. 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Importance of Metals Free Essays

A metal is defined as an opaque shiny element which possesses properties such as malleability and ductility. Malleable meaning that they can be hammered into shapes and ductile meaning they can be drawn into wires. They are also very strong and posses high tensile strength and are good conductors of heat and electricity. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Metals or any similar topic only for you Order Now Metals are shiny, and also have high densities. Metals are a very important and significant part of chemistry. However, their importance is not just limited to chemistry; they are also used in our daily lives. We may not realize this but without metals; we would not be able to continue with our daily routines as metals play an important role. Metals are used in the making of household conveniences like ovens, dishes, cutlery etc. they are also used in transportation such as cars, buses, trucks, trains. Computers and electronic devices are also made up of metals. Electrical power production and distribution, even most of the construction is made out of steel which is an alloy; a mixture of metals such as iron and carbon. And it is because of the specific properties of metals, which allow them to be used in the making of such objects. Although we see metals almost everywhere we go, metals are not found easily. In fact, most of the metals are present in the earth’s crust but when found in the earth these are often mixed with other substances. The rocks in the earth’s crust are a mixture of substances, these rocks from which a metal can be extracted from is known as an ore. The method used to extract metals from ores depends on the reactivity of that metal. Some unreactive metals can even be found in the native state, like gold. On the other hand, most metals are too reactive to exist on their own like aluminium, which has to be extracted using a method called electrolysis. And some moderately reactive metals that are in the middle of the reactivity series can be extracted using reduction of oxides like iron. Gold is not found in a mixture or combined state but is also quite rare. Gold is extracted by mining. Gold is a very demanding and expensive metal, the 2nd most expensive after platinum. The metal aluminium is extracted from its one aluminium oxide which is also known as bauxite which is mainly aluminium oxide (Al2O3)It is also the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust but is never found separately, only in its bauxite. Aluminum being a reactive metal has to be extracted using electrolysis. The process of electrolysis requires massive amount of energy and therefore making aluminium expensive to produce. How to cite Importance of Metals, Papers

Case Law New Belgium Brewing Company

Question: Discuss about the Case Lawfor New Belgium Brewing Company. Answer: Introduction: At the initial stage of the New Belgium Brewing Company, Inc. (NBB), company develops environment stewardship as its core value. Some years back, a group of employees required asset structure for the environment, and they also demand for more guidance related to sustainable decision making, access to data and support at executive level for efforts they made. By establishing sustainability management system (SMS) New Belgium continuously won awards for best practices of corporate. In 2007, they involved planet earth as their stakeholder while doing strategic planning, and they also decided to create SMS. Whether company is good or bad can be judged by number of ways such as payment of high dividends paid by the company to the shareholders or whether net incomes presented in the monthly or yearly statement are increasing or not, and many more. To judge the working of company in financial perspectives there are number of ways, but one of the best way to decide the working of the company is to check whether company is fulfilling their ethical or social obligations. NBB was the company which not only meets the requirement of these standards but also exceed them (Dahl, n.d. ; Rumbin, 2012). In this paper, we discuss the case study of New Belgium Brewing: Engaging in Sustainable Social Responsibility, and after analyzing the case we answer three questions. First we answer the operation management of the New Belgium Brewing Company, and then we discuss the importance to involve employees in ownership to improve the quality and efficiency of working of the company. Last question is what you understand about alternative empowered and whether focus of the company on environment and sustainability development in its production process enhance the profits of the company. After discussion on this case we will be able to understand the greatness of New Belgium by meeting its social obligations. At last we conclude the report with the brief conclusion. Case Study: History: The idea of this company is commenced from the trip of bicycling through Belgium. In Belgium, finest ales of world are present, and some of them are brewed from centuries in the monasteries. Electric engineer of America named as Jeff Lebesch, visits the country and decided to produce beers of high quality in his hometown. After learning the style of making Belgian ales, he returned to his home and tries to make ales like Belgium ales in his Colorado basement. After doing some successful experiments and received approval from his friends, Lebesch decided to sell the beers in market. In 1991, Lebesch incorporated company named as New Belgium Brewing Company (NBB) and initiate the production of beers in the basement of his home in Fort Collins. Kim Jordan, who is also the wife of Lebesch was appointed as managing director of the firm. Beers produced by NBB attract customers in small number but these customers are devoted and loyal. First customers of NBB were from Fort Collins but after that there are many customers of NBB throughout Colorado. Later, they decided to shift their business into an old railroad and in 1995, the business was shifted in custom-built facility. Today the company produces variety of ales to serve their customers, and business of company is growing day by day (New Belgium Brewing Company, 2011) Purpose and Core Beliefs of Company: New Belgium stated in its mission that it is dedicated towards the quality of the product, environment, employees of the company, and customers of the company. Following are the core values and beliefs of the company related to environment and social responsibility: Quality of the beer must be high and world class. Promotion of culture of the beer. Improvements in products which are efficient, effective, innovative. Must fulfill the expectations of customers. Company also focuses on minimizing the consumption of resources and maximizing the efficiency of energy. Balancing the needs of employees and their families. Increase the cultivating potential through learning and participative management. Company improves the relationship with employees and customers. Company believes that development of these values helps them to build good reputation. These values were added by the company almost 15 years ago because these values give meaning to the company and their customers, which results in the growth of the company (Ethics workshop, n.d.; Lyczkowska, 2012). Ethical Culture of the Company: Marketing director of the company that is Greg Owsley states that promotions of ethical activities are the main aim of the company. Ethical culture of the company refers to the values, belief and norms shared by the members of the organization. Usually, culture of the organization is judged by the appearance of employees, furnishing of office, and other personality traits of an organization. On the other hand culture of NBB involves the commitment, good relations, and how employees are treated in an organization. NBB focuses on the personal and professional growth of the organization and employees. NBB encouraged the concept of employee-owner in which award is granted to the employee after completing one year of employment by sharing the ownership and a cruiser bike (Withall, 2014). Along with these things, company follows the fiscal transparency policy and an open book management policy which results in mutual policy and trust. This culture of the company leads to the growth and success of an organization together with the growth and success of an employee. In NBB there is no discrimination between the employees and every employee is treated in the same way and any practice which harms the reputation and functioning of the organization must be avoided. This culture of an organization is considered as ethical and healthy culture because they treat their employees well and inspires them (Sustainable Tourism, 2011). Not only employees but company also focuses on the sustainable management. Contribution of NBB can be determined by identifying the areas in which company work such as water, stewardship, carbon and change in climate, waste, and most important advocacy. Following are the things which made NBB different: Community- NBB donates $1 to non-profit organizations for per can of beer produced by the company, and it also donates 5% of its profit to charity. Customers- Company is spreading the culture of beer by dedicated world class beer to its customers. Environment- almost 99.9% waste of solid are recycled and reused by the company. Workers- Company is owned by employees, for full time employees company was paying insurance premiums, and they adopt policy of open book management and give information to the employees through internal blog (Gunther, 2016). Three questions are generated after analyzing the case study of NBB: Describe the operation management of the New Belgium Brewing Company, Inc.? Answer 1: NBB adopted the policy of open book management system in which employees of the company can see the financial position of the company, and company involves the employees in decision making process of the company. Financial training is provided to the employees of the company so that they can understand the financial prospective of the business. Employees can also suggest the new type of beer that can be introduced to the public and contribution from employees affect the profitability of the company. An employee is eligible to vote for the beer from different beers he want to produce (Wann, n.d. ; Dahl, 2016) NBB always ensures that they provide best quality and productivity to their customers, and they adopt the environment friendly way to produce the beer. When product is produced in large volumes then it becomes difficult for the company to ensure quality in their product, but employees of NBB monitor every step of production to ensure the quality of the product. Profitability of the company is ensured only by the expertise, knowledge, and passion of the employees of the company, and by getting the best technology in their plants company try to reduce the cost of the product and maintain environment stewardship. whether company ensures quality and efficiency by adopting the concept of sharing ownership with employees? Answer 2: involvement of employee in the company is the way to create an environment in an organization in which employees have impact on the decision and actions of the company because such environment affects the working of employees. Engagement of employees is not the goal or nor any tool which is practiced in NBB. Employee engagement is the key factor for NBB for encouraging the high motivated culture. The idea of employee engagement is considered by the management with their co workers to ensure efficient working system in an organization. NBB recognize their employees as unique gifts which help them to operate more efficiently. In NBB almost 43% of ownership is owned by the employees of the company through an ESOP, and after the employment period of one year they are qualified for becomes employee owners. Company also shares its profits and other benefits with their employees by giving them interest in the shares of the company. Open management policy of the company gives access of books to the employees of the company and financial training provided by the company to its employees that helps in understanding the financial position of the company. These policies help in understanding and appreciating the employee. In NBB employees has right to ask questions and share their ideas with the management or fellow employees of the company. If employees of the company are engaged in their work then they are able to create loyal customers which result in big profits to the company. Company believes that their first responsibility is towards the people who work for the company, and then for the customers and shareholders. Because if staff is happy then customers are happy, which ultimately result in profits of shareholders or other stakeholders. Employees of NBB are the area leaders and it is the responsibility of each employee to ensured the quality of the products that company supplied to their customers. In other words we can say that NBB ensures the benefit of those who work hard for the success of the company (New Belgium, n.d.; New Belgium, n.d.). the approach of New Belgium towards environmental responsibility and sustainability enhance the profit of the company and help them in making major cost benefit? Answer 3: NBB mainly focuses on its responsibility towards environment and sustainability in its production process which increases the chances of profit of the company. NBB also focuses on the environment which helps the company in growing their business and earn profit by using those advanced technologies such as wind power, water recapture, turning waste water into energy, energy efficient brew kennels, 98% landfill diversion rate, constructing the factory from reclaimed timber, and recapturing steam. These methods are eco friendly which help the NBB to fulfill its responsibilities towards environment. NBB follows these procedures to fulfill their responsibilities towards environment and this helps the company to improve their clients. This concept of environment stewardship helps the company to get competitive advantage over other companies because customers also being loyal towards those companies which fulfill its responsibilities towards the society. Initially this will cost the company for going green but it will eventually save the money in long run for the company and give huge profit to the company. In U.S. NBB is the ninth largest brewery and third largest craft brewery. NBB secured its position in the U.S. and in future it will earns lots of loyal customers because of advanced technology which help the company in producing quality products and keep the production process environment friendly (Foust, 2015). The concept of alternatively empowered was adopted by the company which means that company is try to minimize the social and environmental negative impacts which by protecting the natural resources. For example company recycles the bottles and cans, save paper by using the method of E-bills and turn off the electric equipment which was not used in production process. They also save the water by reprocessing of water. These practices help the company in reducing their cost and carry their production in the efficient manner. Company also respects their employees and co workers because it motivates the employees to work with responsibility and keep their customers happy. While making the decisions of Business Company always consider the factor of utilizing and preserving the natural resources, technical, and human resources. Presently the development of industrialization increases the pressure on environment, which results in depletion of natural resources. It is the responsibility of the business organizations to reserve the natural resources and protect environment. NBB care for the planet on which they conduct their business and their method of reducing the coal-fired electricity helps in reducing the air pollution. Burning coal is the reason of smoke, acid rain and global warming and also the diseases related to heart and breathing. NBB adopt the innovative technology, and process of saving water by installing innovative waste water reclamation plan which result in creation of their own energy by using waste water. Company also supports the involvement of its employees which result in successful implementation of these plans. NBB started the business at very small stage and it focused on the quality of its product but their production process is not able to fulfill the demand of their customers because of lack of resources. Later they purchased new location for their business and at this new location were designed as the state-of-the-art custom which is more efficient than their standard brewers. After the availability of new resources company is able to meet the demand of their customers by efficient production and by maintaining the quality of the product. Company decided to take advantage of the abundant sunshine in Fort Collins and maximize the use of light produced by the sun with the help of sun tubes, UV blocking windows and shelves of light. They used the evaporative coolers for their hall instead of compressors because these coolers use less energy which result in less power consumption and also reduced the cost of production. Company uses the fallen trees as material for various numbers of jobs they conduct because pine beetles kills almost 80% of their lodge pole pines. A company uses other facilities and also applies innovative technologies in their production such as waste water reclamation plan which helps the company in converting the waste water from the plant into energy, and that energy was used in the factory. The use of innovative technologies not only gives efficient production but also gives competitive advantage to the company over other companies such lower cost of production helps the company to sell their products at reasonable prices, company fulfilled its social responsibility which attract customers and leave the impression of the company as green company. In 1999, company was the largest private consumer of the electricity generated from wind power and company makes commitment for the period of 10 years for buying the electricity through the city-sponsored wind program in Colorado. Unwanted judgment passed by community not only reflects the bad impression of the company but also spoils the image of the company, so company decided to follow their own way and choose electricity generated from wind power. Company improves its efficiency by deciding not to pollute the environment and reducing unnecessary cost of the production. Later, many companies followed the policy adopted by NBB and try to make this industry as newer, smarter, and greener industry. By taking another step in the green industry company add more innovative technologies in their production process which helps the company in growing faster. At last we can say that NBB is the company which fulfilled all its responsibilities towards its employees, environment and society. It is the ethical responsibility of the company to fulfill all its responsibilities by adopting the approach of environment stewardship and employee ownership. Conclusion: In this essay, we understand the importance of environment sustainability by reading the case of New Belgium Brewing: Engaging in Sustainable Social Responsibility. In this NBB adopts two approaches that are to fulfill its ethical responsibility: Employment ownership: NBB followed the approach of employment ownership by making the employees part in decision making process of the company. It mainly gives emphasis to the commitment and good relations with both customers as well as employees of the company. Objectives of NBB involve personal and professional growth of both organization as well as employees of the organization. After completing the one year of employment, employee was eligible for sharing the ownership and get cruiser bike as award. Company adopt the policy of open book management system and fiscal transparency in which company gives financial training to the employees so that they are able to understand the financial perspectives of business, and this policy results in growth and success of an organization. Environment stewardship: the concept of Environment stewardship is adopted by the company to fulfill its responsibilities towards environment and society, and this approach of company towards environment will lead to good clientage of the company. This approach helps the company to get competitive advantage over other companies because customers would like to be with the company which know its responsibilities and take steps to fulfill them. At last we conclude the report that NBB is the company which fulfills all its responsibilities towards its employees, environment and society. References: Gunther, M. (2016). The Brewery That Acts as a Sustainability Leader and Engages Employees to Be Best for the World. Retrieved on 28th December 2016 from: https://www.bthechange.com/stories/products/food/new-belgium-sustainable-beer/. Sustainable Tourism. (2011). Case Study: New Belgium Brewery. Retrieved on 28th December 2016 from: https://sustainabletoursimdevelopment.wordpress.com/2012/12/11/case-study-new-belgium-brewery/. New Belgium Brewing Company, (2011). New Belgium Brewing Company, Inc. Sustainability Management System Version 2011. Retrieved on 28th December 2016 from: https://www.newbelgium.com/files/SMS%204th%20edition,%202011%20for%20external%20release.pdf. Ethics Workshop. New Belgium Brewing: Ethical and Environmental Responsibility. Retrieved on 28th December 2016 from: https://ceo.ethicsworkshop.com/images/NewBelgiumBrewingCase.pdf. Lyczkowska, K. (2012). Case Study of New Belgium Brewery. Retrieved on 28th December 2016 from: https://www.academia.edu/4182482/Case_Study_of_New_Belgium_Brewery. Withall, R. (2014). A Splash of Beer, A Ripple of Awareness: Sustainability at New Belgium Brewing. Retrieved on 28th December 2016 from: https://www.sustainablebrands.com/news_and_views/leadership/ryan_withall/splash_beer_ripple_awareness_sustainability_new_belgium_brewi. Wann, D. New Belgium Brewing Company. Retrieved on 28th December 2016 from: https://www.terrain.org/articles/9/wann.htm. Dahl, D. (2016). How New Belgium Brewing Has Found Sustainable Success. Retrieved on 28th December 2016 from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/darrendahl/2016/01/27/how-new-belgium-brewing-has-found-sustainable-success/#1d7093083a12. Rumbin, M. (2012). New Belgium Brewing: Ethical and Environmental Responsibility. Retrieved on 28th December 2016 from: https://prezi.com/btjkxfhvip8z/new-belgium-brewing-ethical-and-environmental-responsibility/. New Belgium. SUSTAINABILITY STORIES. Retrieved on 28th December 2016 from: https://www.newbelgium.com/Sustainability/Stories. New Belgium. POLICY AND CRAFT BEER INDUSTRY. Retrieved on 28th December 2016 from: https://www.newbelgium.com/Sustainability/Community/PolicyandIndustry. Foust, J. (2015). New Belgium Brewing Honored as Best For the Environment. Retrieved on 28th December 2016 from: https://www.craftbeer.com/news/brewery-news/new-belgium-brewing-honored-as-best-for-the-environment.

World War I Effect on Status of Women and African Americans Essay Sample free essay sample

World War I made a great impact towards the position of adult females and African Americans life in the United States. Both of these groups were confronting adversities and wanted to do a difference by voicing their sentiments and alter their functions in society and position. Finally. after some clip. they did. Before World War I. a women’s function consisted of domestic labour such as ; learning. nursing. and agribusiness. These adult females were non rather seen as equal to work forces. or capable of making what work forces during that clip could. However. by the clip the War had begun. many work forces were being called to function ; the occupations of work forces were get downing to go unattended. The existent inquiry was â€Å"who could replace these work forces? † Women were the concluding reply. Many of the adult females who were one time nursing and learning were know make fulling functions that were unoccupied. We will write a custom essay sample on World War I Effect on Status of Women and African Americans Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These adult females worked for long hours and support and began larning new accomplishments. which caused the consequence of their functions altering. They were chiefly employed in nutrient. fabric. and war industries. As more work forces went off. adult females took duty. By the twelvemonth 1917. 68 % of the adult females had changed occupations since war began. and 16 % had moved out of domestic service. The last 16 % were unemployed. Many of the occupations the adult females were taking gave them the chance to demo a male-dominated society and that they were capable of so much more. non merely of raising kids or be apt at place. Womans at this period of clip took over production lines in mills. and replaced work forces as constabulary officers. mechanics. train music directors. etc. The war became a consequence of many households being lacerate apart as adult females were forced to take on their new functions. A legion sum of adult females were besides working for the military. As the papers shows. the U. S. Navy and Marine Corpse allowed adult females to enlist. It has been said. that about more than 12. 000 adult females enlisted. and about 400 died during the war. World War I provided the concluding push for women’s right to vote in America. During this epoch. adult females started to contend for the equal rights they had desired to hold from rather some clip. By the termi nal of the war. in November 1918. they were given the ballot. merely to those adult females who were over 30 old ages old and that already owned their ain belongings. Some candidates. believed that adult females should hold the right to convey a opportunity to society and some said that adult females should hold the right to vote whether they are male or female. hapless or rich as show in the papers to the right. As a similarity to adult females. new occupations chances besides opened up for African Americans during World War I. In absence of the able-bodied work forces in America. African Americans migrated to the metropoliss to happen occupations. There was a great assortment of them from southern rural countries. going to the northern urban countries which was called the â€Å"Great Migration. † At this clip. many mills opened the doors to black workers and provided them with the chances to interest their claims to full citizenship through their function in the industrial economic system. During the Great Migration. African Americans began to construct a new topographic point for themselves in public life. facing the challenges that came their manner. Nevertheless. many Whites discriminated against them because of the competition for occupations. Many other Africans decided to fall in the attempt of assisting in the war and supplying their service.

Free Essays on I Need One

In the time of William Shakespeare there was a strong belief in the existence of the supernatural. Thus, the supernatural is a recurring aspect in many of Mr. Shakespeare ¹s plays. In two such plays, Hamlet and Macbeth, the supernatural is an integral part of the structure of the plot. It provides a catalyst for action, an insight into character, and augments the impact of many key scenes. The supernatural appears to the audience in many varied forms. In Hamlet there appears perhaps the most notable of the supernatural forms, the ghost. However, in Macbeth, not only does a ghost appear but a floating dagger, witches, and prophetic apparitions make appearances. The role of the supernatural is very important in Hamlet and Macbeth. A ghost, appearing in the form of Hamlet ¹s father, makes several appearances in the play. It first appears to the watchmen, Marcellus and Bernardo, along with Horatio near the guardsmens' post. The ghost says nothing to them and is perceived with fear and apprehension,  ³It harrows me with fear and wonder ². It is not until the appearance of Hamlet that the ghost speaks, and only then after Horatio has expressed his fears about Hamlet following it,  ³What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord, or to the dreadful summit of the cliff ². The conversation between the ghost and Hamlet serves as a catalyst for Hamlet ¹s later actions and provides insight into Hamlet ¹s character. The information the ghost reveals incites Hamlet into action against a situation he was already uncomfortable with, and now even more so. Hamlet is not quick to believe the ghost,  ³The spirit that I have seen may be a devil... and perhaps out of my weakness and my melancholy..abuses me to damn me ², and thus an aspect of Hamlet ¹s character is revealed. Hamlet, having no suspicion of the ghost after the production by the players, encounters the ghost next in h... Free Essays on I Need One Free Essays on I Need One In the time of William Shakespeare there was a strong belief in the existence of the supernatural. Thus, the supernatural is a recurring aspect in many of Mr. Shakespeare ¹s plays. In two such plays, Hamlet and Macbeth, the supernatural is an integral part of the structure of the plot. It provides a catalyst for action, an insight into character, and augments the impact of many key scenes. The supernatural appears to the audience in many varied forms. In Hamlet there appears perhaps the most notable of the supernatural forms, the ghost. However, in Macbeth, not only does a ghost appear but a floating dagger, witches, and prophetic apparitions make appearances. The role of the supernatural is very important in Hamlet and Macbeth. A ghost, appearing in the form of Hamlet ¹s father, makes several appearances in the play. It first appears to the watchmen, Marcellus and Bernardo, along with Horatio near the guardsmens' post. The ghost says nothing to them and is perceived with fear and apprehension,  ³It harrows me with fear and wonder ². It is not until the appearance of Hamlet that the ghost speaks, and only then after Horatio has expressed his fears about Hamlet following it,  ³What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord, or to the dreadful summit of the cliff ². The conversation between the ghost and Hamlet serves as a catalyst for Hamlet ¹s later actions and provides insight into Hamlet ¹s character. The information the ghost reveals incites Hamlet into action against a situation he was already uncomfortable with, and now even more so. Hamlet is not quick to believe the ghost,  ³The spirit that I have seen may be a devil... and perhaps out of my weakness and my melancholy..abuses me to damn me ², and thus an aspect of Hamlet ¹s character is revealed. Hamlet, having no suspicion of the ghost after the production by the players, encounters the ghost next in h...

Entrepreneurship Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Entrepreneurship 2 - Assignment Example Entrepreneurship not only provides for one’s own self but creates jobs for a few other people as well. Entrepreneurship is connected with undertaking innovations or the introduction of new products or finance and business expertise. Entrepreneurship not only includes setting up of a business but its continuous growth and diversification. An entrepreneur keeps looking for a prospect that provides challenge. Through entrepreneurship products are converted into goods of real economic value. Entrepreneurship may involve establishment of new enterprises or could only be a revitalization of a mature organization in the result of a recent development. It’s the job of an entrepreneur to seek chances which make him capable of employing his energies in enterprising ventures. He gathers all the resources, assembles them in a nice shape and makes a product worthy of finishing. It’s the responsibility of the entrepreneur to bring improvement to existing ideas and sell them accordingly. Entrepreneurs have to lookout for market changes and create an opportunity for themselves by utilizing the shift in market demands. It is said that the most opportune moment for a moneymaker is when a nation is destroying or building itself. It is therefore from the process of change that the most occasions come from. Entrepreneurship is based on knowledge and is carried out after a sufficient amount of research. It caters socio-economic, psychological, technological, and legal occurrences and works in response to the swing they create in market trends. It delves deeper into marketing theories and change its strategies with the shift in events. Resources such as capital, human talent and technology are sorted and put to use in their most efficient combination at the most beneficial moments. Such arrangements are a specialty of entrepreneurs because they are moderate risk-takers. Therefore to minimize the risk factor a lot of market research is conducted when a new

Beslan incident and the evaluation of the consequences Essay

Beslan incident and the evaluation of the consequences - Essay Example When Gorbachev dissolved the communist party and formed the Common Wealth of Independent States (CIS) this gave most of the Soviet Socialists states their independence but the economical relationship still existed. Russia’s economy was in a state of total disarray in the mid 90’s and the economy almost collapsed in the 1997 when the Russian government had to stop the trading of the rubble on the international market, when the September 11 attacks took place, the United States of America retaliated with attacking Afghanistan and this caused major changes in the world, the oil rich countries received a shock and as if Afghanistan wasn’t enough the USA followed it up by attacking Iraq and hence the oil prices rocketed sky high and this is what helped Russia the most because its economy started recuperating on the back of rising oiling prices. This was a major point because Russia is now able to repay debts before time and has since been able to throw around its weig ht on the political scenario that is quickly developing and evolving into a multi polar stage rather than being just uni-polar with Britain and Russia being the countries that have been able to voice their concerns and also do something to follow up with those voices. In 1994 the first Chechen war was fought and due to a lack of planning from the Russian military they had to face a lot of casualties and were demoralized very early into the war, it last 2 years and after that a peace treaty was signed. This treaty was not able to guarantee any peace and the second Chechen war started in 1999 with Russia showing its might and bombarding the area using its air force, followed up by a ground attack and hence they were successful this time around in capturing Chechnya. In February of 2000 the Russians were finally able to capture Groznyy but the fighters of different militant groups vowed to keep up the resistance till death or freedom and

Summary & Close Reading of Paulo Freires Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summary & Close Reading of Paulo Freires - Essay Example In Pedagogy of the oppressed, Paulo Freire uses a combination of political, educational and philosophical theories in order to address the real source of oppression as well as liberation for the oppressed. He advocates for the awakening of critical and creative thinking as the only medium of liberation which takes place through a new and a more dynamic approach to education. This new approach to education focuses on a close partnership between the teacher and the student by seeking to empower the student to be involved in a dialogue process and adoption of human qualities evident in the thought process and its correlative action. The book begins by introducing the idea of developing critical awareness among the oppressed people in the society. The oppressed normally have the fear of freedom which increases the chances of then being oppressed. According to Paulo Freire, those who are under oppression must strive to see the bigger picture outside them so that they develop an understanding of their situation in order to begin thinking about their own world. Such a process can only be attained through dialogue in education in which one has to adopt change as the only tool for transformation. The only way towards reclaiming humanity is by critical consciousness which leads to synthesis of thought and actions. As a result only those who are being oppressed have got the power to save themselves from such kind of oppression and the only approach is through critical analysis as well as understanding of reality that guides them to action. The term, â€Å"banking education† has been adopted by Freire to refer to the traditional relationship between the teacher and the student owing to its oppressive nature. In such a case, the teacher possesses control thus playing the role of the oppressor while the student who is always passive in the learning process assumes the position of the oppressed. The role of the teacher is to deposit information into the student who

Afforestation and Deforestation

Afforestation and Deforestation Forests are threatened by both biotic and a-biotic factors such as climatic hazards, diseases prompted by insects or pathogens, threats of a purely anthropogenic nature, fires, atmospheric pollution, deforastation, and the increase in social pressures.ÂÂ   But this classic division is a bit artificial, since man is partly responsible for all these threats.ÂÂ  Indeed the mark of human actions is always present : it is however relatively moderate concerning climatic disorder despite the emissions of greenhouse gases, responsible for important destructions ; it is average in the sensitive growth of certain artificial forestry stands prone to parasitic attacks ; it is preponderant in the phenomena of atmospheic pollution or of deforestation. These aggressions will therefore be classed by groups but keeping an effort to maintain classification by growing order of mans implications, and therefore the possibility of theoretical intervention will also increase. Agricultural purposes Grazing cattle or planting crops. Poor farmers in developing countries chop down a small area of trees and burn them, which provide nutrients for the soil (know as the Slash-and-Burn technique). This supply is quickly exhausted so the farmers move on to a fresh area, and the cycle starts again. This occurs on a much larger scale for intensive or modern agriculture e.g. large cattle pastures often replace rain forest to grow beef . Commercial logging the cutting down of trees for sale as timber or pulp. In the developed world, there are increasing demands for hardwoods such as mahogany and ebony. The rate at which trees are felled is increasing to meet these demands. People in third world countries need the timber for firewood, as its practically the only source of fuel available to people living there. The heavy machinery used (e.g. bulldozers) is just as damaging to a forest overall as the chainsaws are to individual trees. Climatic hazards and natural catastrophes Climatic hazards or natural catastrophes are pratically independent from the actions of the man. However, the worries concerning eventual future climatic changes, due to the consequences of green house gases from industrial pollution are going to grow. It is sufficient to study here not the ways of fighting these aggressions, but those measures to take before forestry stands are subjected to these events.ÂÂ   Forests are submitted more than any other terrestrial ecosystem to climatic hazards, due to the duration of their maturity, wich can take up to 200 years. In such a period the number of climatic hazards can be great. Storms and win-blow Storms have had an important destructive effect throughout this century, especially throughout the last twenty five years in Europe, destroying millions of m3 of wood, the following 1990, almost 110 million m3 destroyed throughout Europe.ÂÂ   1999, 140 million m3 in France.ÂÂ   These anarchic destructions greatly perturb cutting cycles and general forestry work. Delaying The development of the forest and disrupting the wood market. Against such freak winds forestry management has very little power. However, although foresters are unable to prevent such catastrophes, they have the power to limit the destruction of violent winds by favouring the development of stands that are more wind resistant, and by adopting a prudent and diverse outlook towards management. Periods of drought Water stress renders forestry stands very fragile. They can arise either by a change in the distribution of water throughout the seasons, for the same quantity of annual precipitation (the supply therefore being brought forward in relation to the demand of forest stands), or by a fall in the annual volume of precipitation. It has now been established that the numerous cases of dieback observed in forests stands throughout the world in the last ten years (which at the time were entirely blamed on atmospheric pollution) are due in part, to periodic water stress. In fact, those observations realised concern those forests in regions subjected to strong pollution fall out, but also forests of less affected regions. ÂÂ   Biotic Threats Diseases and the attack of insects : brief overview of the situationÂÂ   Insects and fungi play an important part towards the causes of dieback in many forests of the world.ÂÂ   These biotic agents intervene, either as primary agressors, or most often as secondary agressors, often attacking already weakened stands. The examples of diseases and illnesses caused by pathogens are unfortunately numerous and only a few will be outlined. These illnesses develop, either as a result of native pathogenic activity, or by the invasion of the non-native agents in non-resistant stands. Robredo and Cadahia drew up a very complete table of the world situation concerning this problem during the tenth world forestry congress, from wich the following text is largely inspired (in COLLECTIF. The forest, inheritance of the future Acts of the tenth forestry congress . French forestry revue. Nancy, 1991.). In North Africa, natural cedar stands are attacked by xylophitic insects , during periods of climatic stress. In Spain,ÂÂ  Abies pinsapoÂÂ  is subjected to combined attacks of theFungiÂÂ  Fomes annosus, and xylophitic and cortical perforating insects. In Europe, dieback can be observed amongst various oak species, most notably, the cork oak and evergreen oak (attacks ofÂÂ  DiplodiaÂÂ  andHypoxilon). In Quebec, the pine shoot moth periodically attacks the annual shoots of (Abies balsamea and Picea glauca) as in the whole of the North East of North America. This indigenous insect reaches epidemic proportions roughly every thirty years. The last infestation (1938-1958) provoked the death of 60 % of Firs and 20 % of Spruces. At the end of 1975, an epidemic breakout covered 35 million ha of Quebec. Fires:-Fire has always been an element present in many forestry ecosystems. Natural causes of fire exist such as lightening and volcanic eruptions. The area subjected to natural fires has been very important and can cover millions of hectares. However the lapse of time is generally long between successive fires, permitting the ecosystem to recover and reconstitute itself.ÂÂ   Large fires have always ravaged the surface of the earth. In the North of China, 1.33 million ha went up in flames in 1987 ; more than 3.5 million ha were burnt in Kalimantan (Borneo) between 1982 and 1983 ; in 1988, 400.000 ha were destroyed by fire in the United States in yellow stone national park. Recently in 1993, considerable damage was done by an enormous fire in Australia. The importance of human factor The main causes of contemporary fires and anthropogenic : This is the case with the recurrent fires in the European Mediterranean zone, or those fires provoked in tropical humid zones, which have their goal the clearing of land for agriculture. In dry tropical zones with mixed broadleaved forests and rich undergrowth, human populations have always used fire to make way for grazing and agriculture. In Europe, figures gathered by the FAO permit one to establish the area of forest burnt annually between 1980 and 1988, i.e. some 585.000 ha. During the same period North America lost some 3.5 million hectares of forest to fires. That percentage attribued to human causes being around 97% in Europe, 91% in the United States and 66% in Canada. Very little is known concerning the equivalent information for the entire world. The total wooded surface touched by fire annually is around 10 million hectares, which represents some 0.3% of the total world forested area. However the impact of these fires is more important than this small percentage suggests. In fact, in the zones where the frequence of fires is high, the destructive character of such fires is worsened by the fact that forest stands do not have the time to reconstitute themselves between the passage of two consecutive fires.ÂÂ   An Integrated policy for the prevention and fighting of fires The methods of fighting fires must be adapted to the socio-cultural environment in which they are put into place. Developed countries Developed countries possess the necessary materials to permit them to carry out a No-fire policy in order to satisfy public opinion, which is generally very sensitive to this form of threat to the natural environment. In this case, a perfect coordination between terrestrial and aerial fire fighting means must be provided, in addition to the active participation of the public and private forestry sectors, for example, in the participation of preventive operations and detective procedures.ÂÂ   Developing countries In developing countries or in natural regions wich are less densely populated, one must accept that a part of the wooded surface will be burnt. This practice is due to an agro-silvo-pastoral culture wich includes positive elements and is therefore difficult to condemn. Solutions can not be looked for without taking into account the subsistence requirements of those populations concerned. 3. BENEFITS OF AFORESTATION Afforestation refers to the conversion of wasteland into a woodland or forest. It is essentially the transformation of land which has not been forested for a period of more than 40 year to woodland through seeding and planting. Afforestation is the best technique used to minimize the greenhouse effect. Therefore, there is constant necessity to develop afforestation programs in order to preserve and protect the forestry including the wasteland. A massive afforestation program is required to meet the increasing demand of fuel wood, timber and fodder. Here are the main benefits of afforestation. 1. Preserves wildlife Afforestation is useful especially when it comes to protecting the wildlife. According to recent scientific studies, upland forest vegetation tends to affect the population of birds on neighboring unplanted moorlands. Planting of trees simply restores and maintains ecological balance of all systems in the environment. 2. Tourist attraction Trees provide oxygen and also help to preserve ecological splendor of the landscape which in turn attracts tourists from all parts of the world. 3. Minimizes soil erosion Soil erosion is significantly reduced as tree plantations prevent run off after heavy rains. In addition, trees bring soils together which prevents soil erosion. 4. Provides forest products With an increase in demand for forest and timber products, afforestation is very valuable due to the explosion of livestock and human population. For that reason, construction of infrastructure has led to the demand of forest products. 5. Stabilizes the climate Planting of trees in semi-arid areas attracts rainfall. This way, agricultural practices such as irrigation are carried out efficiently. In addition, afforestation acts as a catchment for water and soil conservation.(5) 4 .EFFECT OF DEFORESTATION When forests are killed, nature basically requires people to renew the forest. Reforestation is one concept that is in the opposite direction as deforestation, but is proven to be a much harder effort than deforestation. So the rate of deforestation has not been offset by the rate of reforestation. Thus, the world is now in a troubled state when it comes to issues concerning the environment. Climate Change When an area of rainforest is either cut down or destroyed, there are various climate changes that happen as a result. The following is a list of the various climate changes with a brief description of why they come about. Desication of previously moist forest soil What happens is because of the exposure to the sun, the soil gets baked and the lack of canopy leaves nothing to prevent the moisture from quickly evaporating into the atmosphere. Thus, previously moist soil becomes dry and cracked. Dramatic Increase in Temperature Extremes Trees provide shade and the shaded area has a moderated temperature. With shade, the temperature may be 98 degrees Farenheit during the day and 60 degrees at night. With out the shade, temperatures would be much colder during the night and around 130 degrees during the day. Moist Humid Region Changes to Desert This is related to the desicaiton of previously moist forest soil. Primarily because of the lack of moisture and the inability to keep moisture, soil that is exposed to the sun will dry and turn into desert sand. Even before that happens, when the soil becomes dry, dust storms become more frequent. At that point, the soil becomes usesless. No Recycling of Water Moisture from the oceans fall as rain on adjacent coastal regions. The moisture is soon sent up to the atmosphere through the transpiration of foliage to fall again on inland forest areas. This cycle repeats several times to rain on all forest regions. Less Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Exchange The rainforests are important in the carbon dioxide exchange process. They are second only to oceans as the most important sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. The most recent survey on deforestaiton and greenhouse gas emisions reports that deforestation may account for as much as 10% of current greenhouse gas emmisions. Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that literally trap heat. There is a theory that as more greenhouse gasses are released into the atmosphere, more heat gets trapped. Thus, there is a global warming trend in which the average temperature becomes progressivily higher. The ozone layer is a mass of oxygen or O3 atoms that serves as shield in the atmosphere against the harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. Because ozone is made up of oxygen atoms, oxygen react with carbon monoxide. Such reaction would use up oxygen It follows that when there are more carbon monoxide atoms going to the atmosphere, the volume of oxygen would decline. Such is the case of ozone depletion. More Desertification According to the United Nations Enviromental Programme (UNEP) in 1977, deforestation is an important factor contributing to desertificaiton. What is unclear is how fast deserts are expanding is controversial. According to UNEP, between 1958 and 1975, the Saharen Desert expanded southward by about 100km. In 1980 UNEP estimated that desertification threatened 35 per cent of the worlds land surface and 20 per cent of the worlds population. Recently, groups challenged those conclusions. Some scientists claim that the conclusion were based on insufficient data. Nevertheless, desertification still threatens more and more drylands. 7. (Soil Erosion Soil ErosionÂÂ   The trees and shrubs in a forest cover the ground and protect the soil from the rain. Tree leaves intercept the rain fall, and shrubs and leaf litter protects the soil from water dripping off the leaves. With this protection removed, the rain falls directly onto the bare soil and erodes it. The rain also leaches the soil of important nutrients, making it less fertile. 8. The Greenhouse EffectÂÂ   During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is taken in and oxygen is given out. Deforestation removes the carbon sinks, and coupled with the carbon dioxide emitted from the burning of fossil, the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increase. The carbon dioxide forms a blanket around the earth and traps heat from solar radiation. This is called the greenhouse effect, and causes the average temperature of the earth to rise. If this continues, the polar ice caps could melt and cause flooding. 9. Disruption of the Hydrological CycleÂÂ   Deforestation can effect the local climate of an area by reducing the evaporative cooling that takes place from the soil and plants. Because the amount of evapotranspiration has been reduced, the formation of clouds and therefore precipitation is also reduced. This threatens the existence of the remaining plants in the forest. Deforestation can also cause flooding. In forested areas, flood water is absorbed into the soil and taken up by the tree roots. The water is then transpired through aerial parts of the plant and into the atmosphere, where it forms clouds. In deforested areas, the flood water runs across the area and is not stopped by vegetation. The top layer of soil is eroded in this process and gets transported into rivers where it causes the level of silt to rise. This rise in the river level causes floods to occur more frequently. Less evaporation also means that more of the suns energy is used to warm the surface and consequ ently the air above, leading to a rise in temperatures. 10. Spreading of DiseaseÂÂ   the mosquito, anopheles darlingi, which spreads malaria parasites, breeds in pools of water that are created in deforested land and on eroded land. Deforestation therefore favours a population explosion of this species. 11. Flooding. Deforestation can result to watersheds that are no longer able to sustain and regulate water flows from rivers and streams. Trees are highly effective in absorbing water quantities, keeping the amount of water in watersheds to a manageable level. The forest also serves as a cover against erosion. Once they are gone, too much water can result to downstream flooding, many of which have caused disasters in many parts of the world. As fertile topsoil is eroded and flooded into the lower regions, many coastal fisheries and coral reefs suffer from the sedimentation brought by the flooding. This results to negative effects in the economic viability of many businesses and fatalities in wildlife population. 12. Other Effects (a) Demand for land for cultivation. This has been seen both in Kenya and other parts of the world especially countries that have Agriculture as the backbone of their economy. Trees have been cut down to obtain land for cultivation of both subsistence and cash crops, both by governments and individuals. b) Need for firewood People, especially those who live in rural areas where electricity and gas are unavailable, resort to use of firewood as a source of heat. Here, wood is cut down and burnt. c) Need for land to build industries Industries require a lot of land and while industrialization is important for every country, it is the bane of large tracts of forest. People need jobs in order to provide for their daily needs. d) Need for land to build houses With the worldwide increase in population, land to build houses for people to live in is very much required. e) Need for wood for furniture, pencils, paper etc) There many rewards such as clean air and clean water, perhaps the two most important, that forests provide. Rainforests also provide many aesthetic, recreational and cultural rewards. If the rainforests are destroyed, then these rewards dissappear. This has major social repercusions for the entire world. Effect to biodiversity Destruction of animal habitats: Apart from domesticated animals and marine and fresh water animals, all other animals need forests as their habitats. These forests do not only provide a place for the animals to roam day but also provide their food and act as a source of protection from predators through camouflage. Destruction of the animals habitats literally kills the animals. Medicinal Plants: Some trees are used as herbs. Trees such as the Cinchona have been used as treatment against Malaria since time immemorial. Destruction of these forests leads to destruction of medicinal plants that could be used as treatment for various ailments. Forests are natural habitats to many types of animals and organisms. That is why, when there is deforestation, many animals are left without shelters. Those that manage to go through the flat lands and residential sites are then killed by people. Through the years, it is estimated that there are millions of plant and extinct animal species that have been wiped out because they have been deprived of home. Thus, biodiversity is significantly lowered because of the savage deforestation practices of some people. Wildlife advocates have been constantly reminding that several wild animals left in the world could still be saved if deforested forests would only be reforested and the practice of slash and burn of forests would be totally abandoned. Social effects of deforestation Deforestation is hardly hitting the living conditions of indigenous people who consider forests as their primary habitats. Imagine how they are rendered homeless when forests are depleted. These natives would be forced to live elsewhere, and are usually left to becoming mendicants in rural and urban areas. water sinks in deeper to the ground, and eventually replenishing the supply of water in the water table. Now, imagine what happens when there is not enough forests anymore. Water from rain would simply flow through the soil surface and not be retained by the soil. Overall, effects of deforestation cannot be offset by the contribution of the practice to development. While it is logical that progress is very much needed by mankind, it must also be noted that nature knows no defeat. Destruct it and it would certainly retaliate, one way or another. Pollution is rapidly growing along with population. Forests are greatly helping reduce the amount of pollutants in the air. So, the depletion of these groups of trees is greatly increasing the risk that carbon monoxide would reach the atmosphere and result in the depletion of the ozone layer, which in turn results to global warming. 5. SOLUTION OF DEFORESTATION ReforestingÂÂ   this is especially popular in Vietnam, where most of their forests were destroyed during the war. Now, every pupil has to plant a tree and look after it. BansÂÂ   generally, people want a ban on the logging of ancient-growth forests and possibly compensating companies for not logging certain areas. Sustainable ForestsÂÂ   using forest and the animals and plants that live in them in ways that do not permanently damage them. This could mean taking only as much timber or other products as the forests can support so that they will continue to be productive in future years. RecyclingÂÂ   an option for the wealthier countries in the world to cut down on their consumption of forest products in general. Protected AreasÂÂ   environmental organisations like WWF and Friend of the Earth can offer legal protection for certain areas by campaigning and informing governments over the necessity to protect a proportion of the world forests from destruction. ProduceÂÂ   an increase in demand for products which have their origin in tropical rainforests e.g. body creams, bath oils, sweets, fruits and nuts, would make the forests more secure, as a large number of trees are needed to produce a large yield. False Solutions:ÂÂ  1. Sustainable Commercial Logging On a governmental level, attempted solutions to deforestation caused by the timber industry have emphasised the necessity of supporting sustainable timber extraction. Such approaches assume, without supporting evidence, that rainforests can be used as an industrial resource base for timber on a sustainable basis. This has resulted in more rather than less deforestation. The International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO) has had to acknowledge that serious attempts at sustainable management of tropical rainforests for timber production are on a world scale, negligible. As well as the technical obstacles to sustainability, the industry has shown itself to be unable to operate free from corruption. The only systematic attempt to disclose such corruption has been in Papua New Guinea, where a recent inquire concluded that there can be no doubt that the timber industry, by its very nature, is conducive to acts of a criminal nature and acts contrary to law and proper government administration. The Tropical Forestry Action Plan (TFAP), the first major international initiative to tackle tropical deforestation, was launched in 1985 by the UNs Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), The World Resources Institute, the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme. It claimed to offer a cure for tropical deforestation and its supposed causes, but its flaws were apparent from the outset. It was based on the assumption that poverty and overpopulation are the main underlying causes of tropical deforestation and failed to recognise the role of the developed countries. It paid lip service to the role of landlessness and destructive development, but made no real attempt to deal with them. The TFAP regarded deforestation as a result of too little government control and called for all rainforests to eventually come under government jurisdiction. Rather than calling for reforms to inequitable land ownership, the TFAP often requires annexation of traditional lands for governmen t forestry estates.ÂÂ   Donor countries are becoming unwilling to fund TFAP projects. Peru, Colombia, Panama and Argentina have received less than 10% of the funding required for their national TFAP projects. The US Senate is now refusing to fund the TFAP at all, and Britain has said it will withdraw from the Plan entirely unless coordination of the TFAP is moved out of the FAO. 3. The Limits of Reserve Strategies A significant proportion of tropical biodiversity would already be lost if nature reserves, often initiated by private conservation organisations, had not been established. However, all too often indigenous peoples, living harmoniously with their environment, have been expelled from protected areas or subjected to controls that have led to the disintegration of their cultures. It is a misconception to believe that nature reserves can conserve the greater proportion of the genetic diversity of tropical rainforests, where the number of individuals of each species per unit area tends to be low, but the total number of species can be enormous. On average, ten hectares of lowland tropical rainforest in South East Asia will contain more tree species than the whole of North America. It is therefore inevitable that any large-scale projects which destroy rainforests will lead to the extinction of hundreds of species. Only by providing the widest possible protection for the remaining primary rainforests will it be possible to save the greater part of the Earths biological diversity from extinction. Strictly protected nature reserves can only be a supportive measure in an overall programme for the protection of rainforest ecosystems. The creation of nature reserves must not be used as justification for the destructive exploitation of unprotected rainforest areas.ÂÂ   4. The International Biodiversity Programme The World Bank is pursuing the goal of a global Biodiversity Action Programme. Like the TEAP, this plan fails to confront underlying causes of biodiversity loss, and is likely to worsen the problem it is supposed to solve. Loss of biodiversity in tropical regions is due to the trend towards replacement of traditional species-rich agriculture and forestry with monocultures. Yet under the Biodiversity Programme, monocultures would be encouraged. The Programme sees the setting aside of reserves as the solution to the problem, but the minimum size required for viable areas of tropical forest is unknown. Worse, the setting aside of reserves is likely to be used as an excuse for the unrestricted exploitation of unprotected areas. The Programme would also increase the control of biodiversity by the North at the expense of the South. TOWARDS REALISTIC SOLUTIONS: Alternatives to destructive exploitation of tropical forests are to be found in small-scale initiatives coming from the grass roots in tropical countries, not from ill-conceived large-scale prestige projects such as the TFAP 1. Recognising the Rights of Traditional Owners. The Australian Rainforest Memorandum, produced by the Rainforest Information Centre and endorsed by over 40 non-governmental organisations, asserts that: The right to cultural survival for all tribal peoples is inviolable. All possible efforts should be made to support and safeguard their rights and those of other forest dwellers, in particular the right to security of land tenure.ÂÂ  About one thousand rainforest cultures still exist. Nearly all of them are in conflict with the development strategies of the dominant social classes and international development agencies that have taken control of their lands and who consistently ignore their basic rights and often even their very existence. It is significant that the most successful projects to save rainforests are those which have been carried out in cooperation with the traditional owners of the forests. In Papua New Guinea and Ecuador, the Rainforest Information Centre and other organisations have been involved in schemes which support the legitimate development aspirations of traditional landowners with small-scale autonomous projects. In 1990, the Colombian Government gave back half its Amazonian territory to its rightful Indian owners, acknowledging that they were the best guardians of the forest. In Malaysia, Indonesia and the many other countries where the rights of traditional owners have been ignored, attempts to save rainforests have been uniformly unsuccessful. 2. Non-Timber Values The economic value of keeping rainforests is often overlooked. Rainforests provide essential and renewable sources of fruits, starches, oils, medicines, firewood, animal products, building materials and other projects when extraction is well-managed. However, the value of rainforest goods and services to local human populations is usually ignored in the economic analyses upon which development decisions are based because these societies often operate with little involvement in the cash economy. In many tropical countries, major sections of the population depend directly on intact rainforests for their daily needs. The people of Papua New Guinea, for instance, obtain 58% of their animal protein from rainforest areas. In large regions of West Africa, people until recently met 65% of their animal protein needs from rainforests. This situation changed as the forests were destroyed by the establishment of export plantations and the timber industry. Although the careful management of non-timber forest products has considerable national and international; potential, these resources are being lost through the destruction of the tropical forests. In the Amazon, over two million people depend on rubber, Brazil nuts and other minor forest products without damaging the biological integrity of the rainforest. Recent studies have shown that the value of non-timber forest products often far exceeds the value of timber in tropical forests. A study in the rainforests of Peru showed that the economic value of the minor forest products, including fruits, resins and medicines which were actually being marketed, exceeded the value of use the forest for timber by nine to one. H

Brown v. Board of Education: A Step Towards Equality Essay -- Brown ve

Brown v. Board of Education: A Slow Yet Significant Step Towards Equality On May 17, 1954, in the landmark court case of Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously outlawed racial segregation in public schools. The court decision, in light of the continual endeavor of African Americans to ban racial segregation, came hardly surprising. Still, the prohibition of school segregation stirred up hot debates throughout the country and was met with strong opposition, violence, and inertia in the South, where the law mandated school segregation. James Baldwin, an African American writer noted for his ability of weaving narrative and argument and intermixing public and privates experiences, also joined the army of critics. In his essay â€Å"Down at the Cross,† he cites the Supreme Court ruling as an example to help manifest his view that white Americans are reluctant to give sincerely anything to their black counterparts and that concessions made to African Americans are due to Cold War politics. While without doubt Baldwin has more aut hority than most outsiders today in any discussion of the African American experience in the 50s and 60s, he, as a product of this tumultuous era of intense racial hatred, can hardly be considered objective. Indeed, Baldwin is over-cynical in his analysis of Brown v. Board of Education, and his vision of civil rights struggle is too idealistic. A New York Times article published on May 18, 1954, reported in detail the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education and its aftermath. In regards to the High Court’s 9-0 decision, Chief Justice Earl Warren said that racial â€Å"segregation of children in public schools†¦even though physical facilities and other ‘tangible’ factors may be e... ...1995. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 296-347. â€Å"Dilemma in Dixie.† Time 20 February 1956: 76. â€Å"Editorial Excerpts From the Nation’s Press on Segregation Ruling† New York Times 18 May 1954: 19. â€Å"Historians Laud Court’s Decision† New York Times 18 May 1954: 17. Huston, Luther. â€Å"High Court Bans School Segregation: 9-to-0 Decision Grants Time to Comply.† New York Times 18 May 1954: 1+ â€Å"Ruling Tempers Reaction of South.† New York Times 18 May 1954: 20. â€Å"The Slow March of Integration After 7 Years, 7 Per Cent.† U.S. News & World Report 28 Aug 1961:46. â€Å"What Negroes Want Now.† U.S. News & World Report 28 May 1954: 54-59. Zirkel, Sabrina, and Nancy Cantor. â€Å"50 Years After Brown v. Board of Education: The Promise and Challenge of Multicultural Education.† Journal of Social Issues 60.1 (2004): 1-15.